Past Perfect

  The exact structure follows this model: Subject + auxiliary verb had + past participle

Use the past perfect when you are already talking about the 

past and want to talk about an earlier past action. 

When I woke up the Barden was all white. It had snowed during 

the night. = It snowed before I woke up. 

. Make the past perfect with had / hadn't+ past participle . 

. The form of the past perfect is the same for all persons . 

. had is sometimes contracted to 'd.

had or would? 

 Be careful: 'd can be had or would. 

 I didn't know that you'd found a new job. ('d = had)

 if you went by taxi, you'd get there more quickly. ('d = would) 

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When I woke up the garden was all white. 

It had snowed during the night. 

I suddenly realised that I'd left my mobile in the taxi. 

 We got home just in time- the match hadn't started. 

When she got to class, she realized that she hadn't  brought her book. 

A I went to Paris last weekend. I really loved it. 

B Had you been there before? 

A No, I hadn't.

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When our friends arrived  we hadn't finished cooking the dinner.

 I took the jacket back because  I had bought the wrong size.

 Jill didn't come with us because she'd made other plans. 

 I turned on the TV news  to see what had happened.

 Johnny was nervous because it was the first time he had flown. 

 When l got to the supermarket checkout I realized that I'd left my wallet at home. 

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 (INDIRECT) reported speech

Use reported speech to report (to tell somebody) what another person said. 

• We often introduce reported speech with said or told(+ person) 

• After said or told that is optional :

 He said (that) he loved me. 

• Pronouns often change in reported speech:

 I changes to he or she. 

'I'm tired.' She told me (that) she was tired. 

Direct speech                          (INDIRECT) reported speech

I love you.                               He said (that) he loved me.

 I've just arrived.                    She said (that) she had just arrived. 

We'll come at eight.               He told me {that) they would come at eight.

I don't want to go to the parry. /  Jack told Anna (that) he didn't want to go to the parry. 

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 ' I'm hungry.'

She said that she was hungry

'l don't like sad films.' 

He told her he  didn't like sad films 

 'I'll call the doctor.' 

He said he would call the doctor

' I've bought a new phone.' 

Paul rold us that he had bought a new phone

 

 I live in the city centre. 

She said that she lived in the city centre

 

6We can't do it!

They said that they couldn't do it

 I saw Eclipse at the cinema. 

Julie said that she  had seen Eclipse at the cinema

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He told her that he was a doctor. 

He said: 'I'm a doctor.' 

She said that she was studying German. 

She said:'I'm studying German.'

 Tony told me that his car had broken down. 

Tony said:  'My car has broken down.' 

 Paul said that he would send me an email. 

Paul said:'I'll send you an email.' 

Wanda and Jack said they were in a hurry. 

Wanda and Jack said:  'We're in a hurry.' 

 

 He said he hadn't finished his essay yet. 

He said: 'I haven't finished my essay yet.' 

 She told us that she wouldn't arrive on time. 

She said: 'I won't arrive on time.'

 David said he had just arrived. 

David said: 'I've just arrived.'